介词
介:中介,起着桥梁和纽带作用的词。介词也称前置词。
介词是位于名词/代词这类词之前的词,构成介词短语(常称介宾结构),属于虚词,单独不构成句子成分。
- preposition (prep.):pre 在前 + pos = put 放置 -> 放在前面的词
核心介词
at
基本意:朝...、接近/靠近...(某个具体的“点”,可以是时间点、地点等)
1. 地点
- We have arrived at Beijing.
我们已经抵达北京。 - I'm at home tonight.
我今晚在家。 - He's at law school.
他在读法学院。 - At this moment a car stopped at the house.
此时,一辆汽车停在那座房子前。
2. 时间点
- Class begins at 9.
9 点开始上课。 - We woke at dawn.
我们在黎明醒来。 - I leave home at 7:30.
早上 7:30 我离开家门。 - He gets the salary at the end of month.
他在月末收到工资。
3. 速度、温度、高度等程度
- The population is increasing at about 6% per year.
人口以每年约 6%的速度增加。 - We drove along at a speed of 200 miles per hour.
我们以时速 200 英里速度行驶。
4. 处于...状态;在...条件下
- at war
在交战状态中 - at peace
处于和平状态 - at ease
不拘束 - My mind is at rest.
我放心了。
5. 朝向(点);动作的方向
- He kicked violently at the door.
他拼命踢门。 - To tap at the window.
敲窗户。 - A dog flew out at me.
一条狗窜出来,向我扑来。 - Look at
朝...看
近义词辨析
at 和 in 后接地点有什么区别?
at: “点”,用于较小的地方之前。
- I'll be at home on sunday.
我周日在家。
in: “在里面”,用于较大的地方之前。
- I'll be in Paris next week.
下周我会在巴黎。
in
基本意:在里面
1. 在...里面(时间、空间、范围等)
- Lao Mount is beautiful scenery in Qingdao.
崂山是青岛的名胜。 - I bacame a rich man in my twenties.
我在二十多岁的时候就是有钱人了。 - He was lying in bed, sound asleep.
他正躺在床上,睡得很香。 - In the morning/afternoon/evening.
在上午/下午/晚上(在一个时间段里面) - fall in love with sb
与某人坠入爱河(走进一个人的内心)
2. 表示说某种语言
- Please speak in Chinese.
请说中文(在中文的范围里面)。
3. 表示用某种方式
- I will pay in cash.
我用现金支付(在现金的范围里面)。
4. 表示穿/戴某种衣服/配饰
- The girl in red color is my sister.
穿红色衣服的是我的妹妹(妹妹被包裹在衣服里面)。
5. 表示在(某段时间)之后
- I will be back in ten minutes.
我十分钟后回来(eg. 6:00~6:10)。
6. 从事某项工作或职业
- I am in law.
我从事法律工作。
常见词组搭配辨析
in front of - VS - in the front of
- I am standing in front of the house.
我站在屋子前。 - I am standing in the front of the house.
我站在屋子里面的前面。
in the tree - VS - on the tree
- There's a bird in the tree.
树上有个鸟。 - There's an apple on the tree.
树上长了个苹果。
on:相接壤,接触
in:包含与被包含的关系
in the car - VS - on the bus
- I am in the car.
我在车里。 - I am on the bus.
我在车上。
believe sb - VS - believe in sb
- I believe you.
我相信你(单纯意义上相信对方的话。没有太多的情感色彩)。 - I believe in you.
我信任你(相信一个人的内心,为人)。
衍生介词
inside : 在里面(静态)
into : 进去(有点动态的概念)
- You'll have to play inside today.
你今天只能在屋内玩耍。 - The ship steered into port.
船驶进港口。
on
基本意:在...上面并与其接触
1. 在...上面,地点(接触)
- The book is on the table.
书在书桌上。 - The apple is on the tree.
苹果在树上。(区分 in) - We were on a hill, right on the edge of town.
我们在一座小山上,正好位于城镇的边缘。 - What's on TV?
电视上有什么节目?
2. 接触,抽象概念
- I usually go to school on foot.
我通常走路去上学。(on foot = by walk) - Two men riding on motorcycles opened fire on him.
两个骑在摩托车上的人向他开了枪。(也可用 to) - From now on you can work on your own.
从现在起你可以独自工作。 - Can we depend on you coming in on Sunday?
我们能指望你星期天来参加吗? - It would be rash to rely on such evidence.
依靠这样的证据太轻率了。 - Birds feed on nuts and berries in the winter.
鸟类靠坚果和浆果过冬。
3. 在...时间点(接触)
- On Thursday I went shopping with my friends.
周四我和朋友出去购物了。 - My wife bought a lot of goods on Double Eleven Online Festival evening.
我的妻子在双 11 购物节那天晚上买了好多商品(in the evening 泛指某个晚上,on 则有特指具体) - On a foggy morning.
在一个充满浓雾的早上。(on 起限定作用) - On arriving home I found my room messy.
我一到家就发现房间乱糟糟。 - What's going on?
发生什么事了?
4. 关于(接触)
- A book on ancient China.
一本关于中国古代的书籍。 - Mr.Chen will give us a talk on the history of England.
陈先生将要给我们做一个有关英格兰历史的讲座。
over
基本意:在...(更)上面
1. 在...上面(不接触)
- They jumped over th stream.
他们跳过了小溪。 - She climber over the wall.
她翻过墙去。
2. 在...另一边
- He lives over the road.
他住在马路对面。 That's Peter over there.
那边那个人是彼得。
3. 结束(引申义)
- Game over.
游戏结束。 - Visiting hours were over.
探视时间结束了。
4. 超过,超越(引申义)
- He's over 50.
他已年过半百。 - He stayed here for over a year.
他在这儿待了一年多。
5. 关于(引申义)
- A book over ancient China.
一本关于中国古代的书籍。 - Mr.Chen will give us a talk over the history of England.
陈先生将要给我们做一个有关英格兰历史的讲座。
above
基本意:在...(更)上面
on, over, above 的区别
基本示例
1. 在...上面(不接触)
- We were flying above the clouds.
我们在云层上面飞行。 - 70% of pupils got Grade C or above.
70% 的小学生成绩都在 C 级或 C 级以上。 - Please notify us if the above is not correct.
如果上面所说的不正确,请通知我们。
2. 超过,超越(引申义)
- Inflation is above 6%.
通货膨胀超过 6%. - Temperatures will not rise above zero tonight.
今天夜间的温度不会高于零度。
常见搭配
-
above all 首先;尤其是
- Now keep quite still, and, above all, don't try to talk.
现在你要保持安静,最重要的是,不要说话。
- Now keep quite still, and, above all, don't try to talk.
-
as mentioned above
如上所述 -
aboveboard adv. 光明正大地;率直地 adj. 光明正大的;直率的
- These commercial transactions are aboveboard.
这些商业交易时光明磊落的。 - Everything we do is aboveboard and never furtive.
做任何事,我们都是光明正大的,从不偷偷摸摸。
- These commercial transactions are aboveboard.
beneath
by(在旁边)-> be
基本意:在...下面(接触)
1. 在...下面
- The body was hidden beneath a thin layer of soil.
尸体被埋藏在薄薄的一层土下面。 - There is a handy storage compartment beneath the oven.
在烤箱的下面有一个便利的橱柜。 - Beneath the gloss of success was a tragic private life.
在成功的外表下面却隐藏着悲惨的私人生活。
2. 低于,配不上
-
They decided she was marrying beneath her.
他们认定她嫁的是一个配不上她的人。 -
He considers such jobs beneath him.
他觉得这种工作有失他的身份。
round
基本意:圆形
1. 圆形的,一圈的
- The fruit are small and round.
这种水果小而圆。 - These glasses suit people with round faces.
这款眼镜适合圆脸的人。 - It's 30 miles round trip to work.
上班要走往返 30 英里的路程。
2. 整数的(圆满的)
- 3.7 to the nearest round number is 4.
与 3.7 最接近的整数是 4。
3. 围绕
- The earth moves round the sun.
地球围绕太阳旋转。 - She looked all round the room.
她将房间四下打量了一下。 - He had a scarf round his neck.
他脖子上围着条围巾。
4. 轮次
-
We got creamed in the first round.
我们在第一轮就被彻底打败了。
around
ad(朝向,强调) -> a
基本意:在周围
1. 在周围
- The children danced around her.
孩子们在她周围蹦蹦跳跳。 - There was no one else around.
周围没有其他人。 - She often goes around barefoot.
她常常光着脚到处跑。
2. 围绕
- The ship sailed around the point.
那条船绕过了岬角。 - The river loops around the valley.
那条河顺着山谷绕了个大弯儿。
3. 大约
- He finally surfaced around noon.
他终于在中午时分醒来。